‘Tingis Khan’ is ‘King of Jin Kingdom震國王’, or King Dae Jo-yeong of Balhae Kingdom

 

Episode 2. ‘Tingis Khan’ is ‘King of Jin Kingdom震國王’, or King Dae Jo-yeong of Balhae Kingdom

In the genealogy of <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris>, ‘Tingis Khan’, who is recorded as the father of ‘Il Han’, is clearly ‘Ya-bal-野勃’ in the Eastern history books. However, there is one thing that did not match the contents of <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris> with the Eastern data. The problem was that ‘Tengis Kon’ Ya-bal-野勃 was not the person who used the title ‘Tengis Kon’ in the Eastern history books. The person who used this title was his elder brother, King Go高王 of Balhae, Dae Jo-yeong. The title of Dae Jo-yeong was ‘King of Jin Guk震國王’, which corresponded to the Tengiz-khon of <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris>. Then, the question arises whether the record of <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris> was incorrect.

According to the Eastern History Books, this ‘Tengiz-khon’ is ‘King Go高王 of Balhae Dae Jo-yeong’. In the second year of the reign of Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, 699, Dae Jo-yeong established a country and declared himself the King of Jin Kingdom震國 and sent an envoy to the Gokturks 突厥to communicate. In addition, his father, Girl Girl Jung-sang乞乞仲象, also had the title of ‘Jin-guk-gong震國公’. 

The following passage was written in volume 11 of <Haedongyeoksa-Haedong History海東繹史>. In the period of <Manse Tongcheon萬歲通天>, "Lee Jin-chung of the Khitan killed the governor of Yeongju, Jo Hee, and rebelled. There was a military leader named Geol Geol Jung-sang, 乞乞仲象 who went east with the Malgal chieftain Girl Sa- biu 乞四比羽and the remaining tribes of Goguryeo, crossed the Yosu River, and took over the northeastern region of Taebaek Mountain白頭山. They built a wall with Oruha (Goryeo River) between them and defended it firmly. In response, Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty granted Girl Sa- biu 乞四比羽 the title of Duke of Heo Guk許國公 and Girl Girl Jung-sang乞乞仲象 the title of Duke of Jin Guk震國公, forgiving his crimes. However, Girl Sa- biu 乞四比羽 did not follow the order. Then Empress Wu Zetian ordered General Yi Hae-gou of the Jade Sword Guard and General Saek-gu to mobilize a large army and killed them in battle.”

 What can be learned from this is that Dae Jo-yeong himself, who fought to establish a new dynasty independent from the Tang Dynasty, and his father Geol Geol Jung-sang 乞乞仲象killed fighting for a new dynasty took on the titles of “King of Jin震國王 “ and “Duke of Jin震國公”. If so, this title was 'Tingiz Kon’ and ’Tengiz Kon'.

If we analyze it based on ancient Chinese character knowledge, the two Chinese characters "Jin-guk震國" had the sound 'Tin-get' in the Middle Ages and Ancient Times. Here, the last '-t' is palatalized and changes to '-z', so 'Tin-get-han' becomes 'Tingez-han'. If so, it is the same name that Ulugbek's <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris> calles 'Tengiz Kon' and Abulgazi Khan's <Turk ​​genealogy The Shajarat Ul Atrak> called 'Tingiz Khan'. However, 'Il Ha' was 'Il Han Il Han' and his father 'Dae Yabal大野勃' corresponded to 'Tinggis Khan', and his title was the old Chinese character sounds of 'Jin-guk King震國王' and 'Jin-guk Gong(Duke)震國公'. However, in reality, the 'Jin-guk King震國王' of Balhae should be King Go, Dae Jo-yeong, the founder of the country. Then, the question arises as to whether this is an incorrect record in <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國,Four Khan Countris>.

The fact that 'Dae Yabal' himself was 'Pan'an King盤安王' was recorded in the preface of <Dangigosa檀奇古史> that he wrote himself after going all the way to the Gokturk kingdom and collecting historical books. Therefore, Dae Yabal himself could not be called 'Jingukong(Duke) 震國公 ' or 'Jingukwang(king) 震國王 ', and there are no such records in the Eastern history books or genealogy. Then why did all the Western history books, including <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris>, write 'Tengiz Kon', the old sound name corresponding to 'Jinguk King震國王', the title of his elder brother Dae Joyeong, in the place where 'Yabal' is clearly written?

The author of this book, Dr.Kwon  Won-Chul  suggest the following possibilties,

1) In <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countris>, "As in the case of 'Il Han's son 'Kiyan' and 'Il Han's adopted son 'Nukuz' who fled to Arkan Kon," 'Il Han' himself might have been 'Tengiz Kon', that is, the nephew and adopted son of King Dae Joyeong of Jin.

2) After Dae Joyeong became the king of Balhae, he might have given his title of 'Jin-guk-wang(King震國王)' to his younger brother.

3) Kiyan's descendants might have preferred to use 'Tengiz Kon' rather than the title of 'Pan-an-gun-wang(king) 盤安郡王' of their grandfather, Yabal. They, as descendants, claimed that they were part of the same family and lineage of ‘Jin-guk-wang(king) 震國王’ and that they were the clans of Balhae and Jin-guk震國, which he founded. The author raised three possibilities.