Story 16. The lineage of ‘Daedaero Gaesomun’ and ‘Sokmalmalgal Daejoyeong’, the descendants of Jumong朱蒙, the founder of Goguryeo
Story 16. The lineage of ‘Daedaero
Gaesomun’ and ‘Sokmalmalgal Daejoyeong’, the descendants of Jumong朱蒙, the founder of Goguryeo
There is a very important point of debate in Korean
historical circles: whether Balhae is a descendant state of Goguryeo, and the
identity of Daejoyeong and Malgal, who founded Balhae, are issues that
are closely related to the identity of Korean history and the identity of the
Korean people. Not only the colonial view of history, but also the Joseon
scholars who fell into toadyism that worshipped the dead Ming Dynasty simply
viewed Balhae and the Jin Empire大金 that emerged from the Jurchen女眞 and the
Qing Empire大淸 that emerged from the Manchus滿洲 as barbarians.
Since they only followed the Chinese way of
thinking, they viewed the world from the perspective of the Chinese, their
perspective, and their worldview. Today, many people are no different from
today’s Koreans who are Americanists who indiscriminately stand on the same
side and view the world from the perspective of the United States.
There will be much debate, but did the Goguryeo dynasty succeed Balhae? Who were the main groups of Balhae members?It seems that they are discussing the legitimacy of Balhae as a Korean people from the perspectives on the legitimacy issue in terms of its connection with Goguryeo and OldJoseon.
Here, it seems important to prove how much the
Goguryeo Go
clan dynasty, which
collapsed almost to self-destruction, was absorbed and integrated into the Dae clan regime of Balhae,
and the relationship between the Daedaero family and the Daejoyeong
family, which are the
illegitimate line, and the Goguryeo Go
clan dynasty.
The author of this book, unlike the general
historians' historical view and convenient research attitude as they have been
taught,
proves that both the Daedaero family and the
Jaejoyeong family were genuine Goguryeo people by citing various historical and
archival cases.
There will be much debate, but did the Goguryeo dynasty succeed Balhae and who were the main groups of Balhae members?It seems that they are discussing the legitimacy of Balhae as a Korean people from the perspectives on the legitimacy issue in relation to Goguryeo and Gojoseon.
According to “Woori History Net”,
“Goguryeo grew into an ancient
state centered on the alliance of Na那, a blood and
regional community. Therefore, there is a question as to which Na那 was the center of the state, but at least the chieftains of the
five ‘Na’s那 that formed the five ‘Bu’s部 naturally formed the ruling class of the state. They had the
official title of Ga加, meaning ‘chieftain’ or ‘king’,
and they exercised ruling power over their affiliated groups for generations,
and based on that power, they were able to enjoy a certain amount of power in
the central government. Some of them held specific positions in the central
government, but their positions were also recognized in the central government
due to the original ruling power of their family line.
At the beginning of the state, they held the office
titled ‘Hyung兄’, but
gradually they also took on the more specialized office of ‘Saja使者’. From the beginning of the state, these nobles had already married
only within the noble class of the five ‘Bu’s 部,
forming an exclusive ruling class. For example, the continuous marriage
relationship between the royal family of Gyerubu桂婁部 and
the Myeongim 明臨氏clan of Yeonnabu椽那部 in the early Goguryeo period also shows the reality of such
marriages within the same class.
The nobility was mainly composed of the chieftains
of the five clans and the original five ‘Na’s那, but as the country's territory expanded, some of the
chieftains of the newly incorporated regions would have been incorporated into
the nobility. According to the Annals of King Taejo of <the History Three
Kingdoms>, Year 22, the fact that Jo-na藻那 was
conquered and its prince was captured and made Gochu-ga古鄒加 can be inferred from this. In addition, Dong-su冬壽, a member of the Xianbei鮮卑族 tribe related
to Tomb No. 3 of An-ak安岳, surrendered to Goguryeo and
lived as a noble who received considerable treatment.
The nobility had surnames. As they seem to have
their own stories explaining the emergence of their family line, they took on
the surnames of the royal families and ruling classes of East Asia out of pride
in their existence. The surnames were usually related to the origin of their
emergence. The royal Hae解
and Go高 clans, the Woo于 clan of
Yeon Na-bu椽那部, who were the royal family, as well as
the Yeon 淵 clan of Yeon Gaesomun, who are said to have
come from a spring well, the Bu Jeong負鼎 clan, who are
said to have had a high-performance iron pot that could cook a lot of rice in a
short time, and the Geuk 克clan, Jung Sil仲室 clan, So Sil少室 clan, and Dae Sil大室 clan, who were regional chieftains or influential figures. In
particular, in the surnames Dae Sil, Jung Sil, and So Sil, we can see that
there are contrasting aspects in the names of these surnames, and it is thought
that the order of the process of acquiring the surnames of these three clans
and the degree of power of these nobles were reflected in the surnames.”
Episode 1. The relationship between Jumong朱蒙, the founder of Goguryeo, and ‘Gaesomun蓋蘇文’ and ‘Daejoyeong大祚榮’
According to<Taikh-I
Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries>
, the lineage of ‘Gaesomun蓋蘇文’, which the Eastern history books clearly state is a Goguryeo person, and the lineage of ‘Sokmalmalgal粟末靺鞨 Daejoyeong大祚榮’, which is often misunderstood as being distinct from “Goguryeo people”, are originally one family from one lineage and
one ancestor.
According to <Taikh-I
Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries>
, these two lineages each came from one grandfather,
‘Almujanna = Alonza (Euljimun) Khan’, who was the third
great-grandfather of Gaesomun and the fifth [정오1] great-grandfather of Daejoyeong. These two
lineages are also lineages from one ancestor much further back. Surprisingly,
he is none other than Jumong朱蒙, the founder of Goguryeo. The “missing link of
history” that proves one aspect of this amazing historical truth is the
“epitaphs” of the Namsaeng男生 brothers and their families.
In 701, the grandson of Gaesomun, Cheonheonseong泉獻誠, who was
said to have been established in Tang territory, states that his lineage was ‘Goguryeo’ in the epitaph of his grandson, Cheonheonseong泉獻誠.
“The name of the commander is Heonseong,
and his nickname is Heonseong. His ancestors are Goguryeo. All his descendants spread out long and wide… They
became like the children of the sun, and their branches and leaves grew and
flourished for generations. His great-grandfather, Daejo (Taejo), was appointed
to Makriji莫離支 in Goguryeo,
and by taking control of the military, he suppressed the Three Hans(countries)
and became the leader of the Five States(Bu部).
East of the sea, there was Jumong朱蒙 in the old days. He crossed the river and established a country, and his achievements were lofty. His lofty achievements were like the branches and leaves of a tree. Who are those branches and leaves? Truly, they are the Joseon clan朝鮮人.”
The same fact is recorded in the epitaph of his uncle and Yeon Gaesomun’s youngest son, Cheon Nam-san南山, which was erected a year after this epitaph of Cheon Heon-seong.
“The name of the commander is Nam-san, and he is a person from Liaodong Joseon. In the past, The King Dong-myeong felt the energy and crossed Checheon to found a country, and Ju-mong embraced the sun and opened a capital on the Paesu River, and his majesty reached the ferry where the sun rises, and his power suppressed the customs of the eastern region…”
The epitaph of Cheon Nam-san’s older brother, Cheon Nam-saeng, states that Nam-saeng was “a person from Pyongyang, a city in Liaodong,” while the epitaph of his younger brother, Cheon Nam-san, states that he is a “person from Liaodong Joseon” while also indicating that he is a descendant of Ju-mong.
<Taikh-I
Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries>> clearly shows the reason why the
ancestral genealogy of Genghis Khan, which shows that the 9th
great-grandfather of Genghis Khan, ‘Bozanbar’, ‘Alan Kowah’, was
‘the daughter of Chuimana (Jumong 朱蒙) Kon, the son of Yulduz Kon’, which can be
interpreted as ‘the daughter of Jumog朱蒙 Khan, the son
of Joseon (Goguryeo-Balhae) Dae clan Khan’. Her father Chuimana Kon, namely
‘Korirardai Mergen’ of <Mongol Secret History>, indicates through his
title that his and his daughter Alan Kowah’s great-grandfather’s ancestor was
Jumong朱蒙.
Our historical books including <Goryeo History
Book> and <Goryeo History Cheoryo> clearly record that the family of
“Balhae Malgal Dae Joyeong” was Goguryeo. Also, <Old Book of Tang> and
<New Five Generations Histroy> wrote Dae Jo-yeong's genealogy as
"Goryeo Another Kind", and <Mugyeong Chongyo> wrote the
genealogy as "Buyeo Another Kind". In other words, it means
"seeds that branched off from Goguryeo" and "groups that
branched off from Buyeo".
There is another important record that proves this
fact. It is a record that "Dae of Balhae is Goguryeo's Jan-eol(another kind)".
It is a sentence from Choi Chi-won's <Sangtae Sasi Jungjang> included in
<Samguk Sagi> Choi Chi-won's biography and Volume 43 of <Dangmun Seup
Yu>.
“In the first year of the reign of King Jang, he
ordered King Yeong-gong to destroy Goguryeo, establish the Andong Do-dok-bu,
and in the third year of Uibong, he moved the royal family to Hanam and Nong-u,
so the remaining illegitimate people of the Goguryeo royal family (Goguryeo
Jan-eol(another kind)) [i.e. Dae Jo-yeong] gathered together in a group
and named the country Balhae under Taebaek Mountain in the north.”
This Goguryeo Jan-eol(another kind) is an incredibly
important phrase meaning “the
remaining illegitimate people of the Goguryeo
royal family.” This is because
the Balhae ‘Dae’
clan means “the illegitimate children of the Goguryeo
royal family.” This is the
original text of the article “Goryeo Taejo 1st year” in <Dongguk
Tonggam>, which states that Jang Bogo’s daughter entered the Silla palace
and gave birth to her son Gung Ye, “Gung Ye was the illegitimate
child of Silla and was abandoned by the main family (Jongguk).”
“Buyeo
Byeoljong(another kind)” means that, compared to Hae Mosu’s legitimate son Hae
Rubu, his son Jumong was not the son of his first wife but of his
concubine, and just as Baekje King Onjo was not the son of his first
wife but of his concubine to Jumong, one of the ancestors of the Dae
Joyeong family was the son of the Goguryeo king’s concubine.
This means that the lineage of the “illegitimate
children of the Goguryeo royal family” and the family of Dae Joyeong,
the chieftain of Sokmal Malgal Chu (Chief), were originally “Goguryeo royal families.” That is the true meaning of “Goguryeo Byeoljong(another
kind)” and “Goguryeo Byeoljong(another kind).”
In that case,
the illegitimate children who were not the sons of the first wife and could not
become kings, they went to other regions as local rulers, and unlike the
families of the first wife’s sons who could become the first kings, they were
called “Sokmal Malgal=Saemul(spring water)-Motgol,” and the families of the
first wife’s sons lived in central Goguryeo and were sometimes called “Goguryeo
people,” but they were all Goguryeo people and the families of illegitimate
children from the branches of the Goguryeo royal family. Those who lived in the
“Malgal 7-bu(states)” (i.e., the border garrisons of the seven “Malgol” regions
were called “Malgal people.”
Goguryeo and Malgal were both central and local
administrative districts ruled by the royal family of the first wife who
produced kings and the families of illegitimate children of the Goguryeo royal
family who became local leaders, respectively, as descendants of Jumong.
The country that combined “Goryeo=Gooryeo” and “Malgal=Malgol” was “Keo(great)guryeo=Goguryeo.”
When Dae Jo-yeong, who was from the “Goguryeo
royal family’s illegitimate son”, established Jin Kingdom, the Tang quickly
sent Godeokmu, the son of Gojang (the last Goguryeo king, King Bojang), to
Andong Province the following year, 699, to try to control the situation so
that the Goguryeo people would not go under Balhae. However, as the number of
Goguryeo’s old residents gradually decreased and they surrendered by dividing
into the Gokturks and Malgal, the Go clan leader finally disappeared. This was because
some of the Goguryeo people refused to be the subjects of the puppet government
of King Bojang’s family sent by Tang and wanted to be protected by “Malgal,”
that is, Balhae.
Here, we will summarize the entire Goguryeo administration and military power. The relationship between the central “Goguryeo (Keo-Goryeo)” that controlled the entire territory of Goguryeo, the local town administrative district “Goryeo”, and the local mountain and field administrative district “Malgal Chilbu (靺鞨七部)” Let's see.
In Goguryeo, there were numerous local town administrative districts called "Guryeo" and seven local mountain administrative districts in the border areas neighboring other countries, or "Malgal 7 States靺鞨七部". "Guryeo" originally meant "Fortress" or "Fortress Town" in Goguryeo-Malgal language, and Malgal means "Maheul=Horse Village" or "malseong=Horse Fortress" as the scholar Jeong Yak-yong explained. In other words, it means "horse town (ma-eup)" and "horse county (ma-gun)." In other words, Malgal=Malgol=Molgol means "field command village" where horses were raised, hunted, and military tactics were learned in the mountainous areas of the border to protect the interior of the country.
Each of the seven Malgol (Malgal) departments had a
chieftain who was the commander in chief. According to historical records, Dae
Jo-yeong's father, Geolgeoljungsang乞乞仲象“Baeksan Malgal白山靺鞨 Chief 酋長”, and his son Dae Jo-yeong was “Sokmalmalgal粟末靺鞨 Chief 酋長”.
On the other hand, in Pyongyang, the capital of “Keogureo (Goguryeo)”, there was an official position called “Moriji”, or “Makrri (Mal-gol)-chi (Ruler)”, who commanded all the “Malgol-Chijang” in the provinces. On the other hand, in Pyongyang, Goguryeo, there was an official position called “Dae-ro-ru”, which was another name for the “Na-sal = Na-char (Yok-sal)”, who were the heads of each department in charge of the “Ga-duri (local border)” of the five divisions. The official position that commanded all the Dae-ro-ru of these five divisions was “Dae-ro-ru”, which meant “all It is an official position that oversees the affairs of “Dae-ro (Ga-duri = Gasaeng-i = Byeong-i)”.
The fact that Gaesomun was Dae-ro-Mo-ri-ji means that he held the
power of Mak-ri-ji, which oversees the chieftains of the seven Malgal clans in
the border region, and the Dae-ro, which oversees each of the Dae-ro that
governs the capital Pyongyang and Gasaeng-i (the surrounding towns), that is,
he was the highest authority who held both military and administrative power.
Internally, he was the highest chairman of the aristocratic council composed of
nobles who ruled each “Na 那”,
and in the event of an emergency when an external enemy invaded, he exercised
all the authority of the military and government. He could even change the
king. For this reason, Dae-ro was not appointed by the king of Goguryeo, but
was “a position that was taken over by competing for the strong and weak.”
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