Story 61. Temujin's grandfather "Bartan Baatar" is the 'Barya (Buyeo) land Makhadol'

 Story 61. Temujin's grandfather "Bartan Baatar" is the 'Barya (Buyeo) land

Makhadol'

 This is the story of Temujin's grandfather, Bartan Baatar, and the sons of Kabul Khan. According to the genealogy of Genghis Khan's <Golden Book>, they are the 17th generation descendants of Daeyabal, the founder of the second royal lineage of Balhae, and the 15th generation descendants of Kiyan.

Kabul Khan's sons are Genghis Khan's great-uncles.

 First of all, Kabul Khan had seven sons. Among the seven sons, the eldest was Ogin Barkak, the second was Bartan Baatar, Temujin's grandfather, the fourth was Kotala Khan, and the seventh was Todoin, the youngest. Among the seven sons of Genghis Khan's great-grandfather, Kabul Khan, the second was "Bartan Baatar."

 Whether it is the <Secret History of the Mongols> or the <Tarikh-e Monghul, Collected History of Mongolia>, there is not much written about this “Bartan Baatar” as an individual. However, the <Tarikh-e Monghul, Collected History of Mongolia> says, “The sons of the Kabul Khan were also very brave and bold.”

 Based on this, it is certain that Bartan Baatar (把兒壇 把兒禿兒, Paadan Paadok-a) was also a very brave person. The <Secret History of the Mongols> recorded his name as “Bartan (把兒壇, Paadan)”, while the <Yuanshi, Yuan Dynasty History> wrote it as “Baritan (八哩丹, Palidan).”

 Therefore, his name (title) is “Mak-ha-dol (莫賀咄) of Bara (扶餘, Buyeo).”

In other words, “Malgal-sal (靺鞨薩) of Buyeo (扶餘).” This is almost the same as “Malgal-wang (靺鞨王) of Buyeo (扶餘).”

         Jin & Song Dynasties Map,China,1200AD/Nation's on line project/ Google

 Episode 1. “Altan Khan” who killed “Okin Barkak”, the older brother of Bartan Baatar

 Kabul Khan himself, who had seven sons including Bartan Baatar, the grandfather of Genghis Khan, was very brave and had such a great reputation that the second emperor of the Jin Dynasty felt fear.

However, because of his reputation and strong power, Genghis Khan’s grandfather’s generation had to pay a heavy price for it.

“Altan Khan”, also known as Emperor Taizong of Jin (太宗) Gogorigai (吳乞買, Wu Jiemei) attempted to kill Kabul Khan around 1135 but failed.

 After that, the third emperor Xi Zong (熙宗) and the fourth emperor Hailingyang-wang/king (海陵壤王) Wan Yanliang (完顔亮) who succeeded him continued to check Genghis Khan’s Mongol dynasty. Finally, they brutally murdered Kabul Khan’s eldest son “Ogin Barkak” and Mongol Khan “Ambagai”.

First, regarding the tragedy of “Okin Barkak”, <Tarikh-e Monghul, 集史 History of Mongolia> states as follows:

 『The eldest son of Kabul Khan was Okin Barkak. ∙∙∙∙∙The Tatar tribes were vassals of the Khitai monarch, Altan Khan, so Kabul Khan killed the messengers of Altan Khan [Gogori Gai (吳乞買) of Jin Taizong (太宗)], and so there was deep animosity between them.

 Kabul Khan's children also fought against the Tatars, ∙∙∙∙∙ because of this, they were always waiting in ambush, and suddenly such an opportunity came, so they captured Okin Barkak and sent him to Altan Khan, and he was nailed to a wooden donkey and killed. The second son was Bartan Bahadur, the grandfather of Genghis Khan.』

 However, <Tarikh-e Monghul, 集史 History of Mongolia> does not specifically state the name of Altan Khan, who captured and killed Okin Barkak, the great-uncle of Genghis Khan, whether it was Emperor Gogorigai(吳乞買, 오걸매) of Jin or a later Jin emperor.

Because of this, we can only guess which “Altan Khan” killed Ambagai Khan, the Khan of Mongols and Okin Barkak, who was the elder brother of Bartan Bahadur the grand-father of Genghis Khan.

 The second "Altan Khan", Gogorigai (吳乞買), who attempted to kill "Kabul Khan (合不合不, 合汗 합한)", was Gogorigai (吳乞買) of the Jin Dynasty (吳幞買), according to the records of <Mongdalbirok (蒙韃備錄)> and the German scholar Haenish. However, during his reign period of Tianhui (天會), between September 1123 and 1135, he had already reconciled with Kabul Khan by exchanging a lot of gold and silk.

After this incident, Gogorigai (吳乞買) died in 1135. Then, Xizong (熙宗), the eldest son of Zongjun (宗埈), the eldest son of Gogorida (阿骨打), the founder of the Jin Dynasty, and the grandson of Kagorida, succeeded Gogorigai and ruled the Jin Dynasty as the third emperor for 14 years between 1135 and 1149.

 Kabul Khan had been ruling the Mongols until then, but in his later years, he designated his cousin Ambaghai (堂兄弟, Tang brother) as his successor. Ambaghai thus ascended to the throne, and after ruling the Mongols for a while, he was captured by the Tatars and taken to the Jin Dynasty's "Altan Khan" and killed. This incident seems to have occurred after the death of Kabul Khan.

 In relation to this incident, <Secret History of the Mongols>, verse 48, records that Okin Barkak, the eldest son of Kabul Khan, but does not record that he was actually killed by the Altan Khan.

 On the other hand, <Tarikh-e Monghul, 集史 History of Mongolia> “Chinggis Khan Chronicles” records that “the Tatar tribe captured Okin Barkak, the brother of Kabul Khan’s fourth son, Kotala Khan, and Hambagai Khan [namely Ambagai Khan], the cousin of his father Kabul Khan - the grandson of Charaka Lingkum - and sent them to Altan Khan and killed them.”

 Based on this record, it seems that both Okin Barkak, the son of Kabul Khan, and “Hambagai Khan” were captured and killed by Altan Khan at the same time.

Therefore, we can assume that these two people were killed during the reign of the third emperor of the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Xizong, or the fourth emperor, King Hailing. We will soon see which of these two committed this act. Before that, let’s first look at the story of their deaths.

 Episode 2. Ambagai Khan, also known as ‘Hambo (函普) Ga (哥) Khan’ and Okin Barkak, who were captured by the Tatar (大對盧, Daedae-ro) right before Temujin’s birth

 During the era of Genghis Khan’s grandfather, Bartan Baatar, and his father, Yesugei Baatar, his great-grandfather, Kabul Khan, ruled “Kamak Mongol,” or “All Mongolia.”

“Kabul Khan” had seven sons, but he appointed his cousin, Senggum Bilge’s son, his fifth cousin “Ambagai (俺巴孩, Eompahae)” as his successor “Khan”.

 As a result, Ambagai became “Khan” and after some time, the Tatar tribes captured him. At that time, among the several tribes of the Tatar tribe, the Ayrguud and Buyrguud clans lived on the banks of the Orshun River, which connected the two lakes of Buyr and Hulun.

 At that time, Ambagai Khan personally went to bring his daughter to the two Tatar tribes to establish a relationship of marriage and to marry her off.

On that very road, he was captured by the Tatars. The Tatars took him to the “Kitai”, the Jin Dynasty of the time, and handed him over to Altan Khan. Ambagai Khan, who was handed over to the Jin emperor, was crucified on a wooden donkey as a punishment.

Ambagai informed his tribesmen of his plight and earnestly urged them to take revenge for him. He said to Balkachi of Behsud,

『“Go and tell Kotala, one of the seven sons of Kabul Khan, and Qadaan Taiji, one of my ten sons! As the Khan of all, the king of the country, let it be a taboo for me to personally see off your daughter on her way to marry her! I was captured by the Tatar tribe. Let me avenge myself until all five fingernails fall off, until all ten fingers disappear!'』

 After he finished speaking, he was nailed to a wooden donkey by the order of the Jin emperor.

<Tarikh-e Monghul, 集史 History of Mongolia> also tells this story as vividly as <Secret History of the Mongols>.

 Before this, the second emperor of the Jin dynasty, Wu Jie Mei(吳乞買), attempted to kill Temujin's great-grandfather, "Kabul Khan", because of his bravery and fame.

This time, during the time of Ambagai Khan (俺巴孩合罕, Eompahaehaphan), who succeeded Kabul Khan, another "Altan Khan" captured Genghis Khan's great-grandfather, "Ogin Barkak", and his 7th cousin, "Ambagai Khan", with the help of the Tatars, and nailed them to a wooden donkey and killed them.

 This happened during the time of Genghis Khan's grandfather, Vartan Baatar. [<The Secret History of the Mongols> is written as “俺巴孩合罕(Eompahaehaphan)” in the Chinese version, and <The History of the Yuan Dynasty> is written as “咸補海罕(Hambohaehan)”.

The old sound of “Ambagai Khan” is “諳班-佳-汗(Amba-ga-han)” in the Jin language. That is, 大-哥-汗 and ‘Hamboga Khan’, or ‘Khan like the Hambo(函普) clan’ (大-氏-汗)]

 Because of this, not only Genghis Khan’s Mongolian family, but also Genghis Khan’s grandfather Bartan Baatar and great-uncle Ogin Barkak, and Arslan Khan of the Kongrat clan, who was his maternal and paternal cousins, were extremely indignant.

 Arslan Khan, the chieftain of Kongrat, in order to avenge the death of his cousin, “Ogin Barkak,” he invaded “Beijing(北京),” which was the “Emperor’s Castle” of the Jin Dynasty, which the Mongols called “Khanbaligh,” and sacked it, and killed “Toqu Chingsang (‘Great Chancellor’, or ‘Great Chancellor’).”

 This story is recorded only in the “Golden Book” of the Kongrat Dynasty, “The Garden of Fortune.” However, in contrast, neither <the Secret History of the Mongols> nor <the Tarikh-e Monghul, Collected History of Mongolia> wrote anything about the sack of Beijing by Arslan Khan, who was of the “Kongrat” tribe.

They simply wrote that “the Mongol army invaded.” These two books are the “Golden Books” of the Korras tribe, so they did not attach importance to the activities of the chieftain of the Kongrat tribe.

 Also, the <Secret History of the Mongols> and <Tarikh-e Monghul, Collected History of Mongolia> do not reveal which emperor of the Jin Dynasty “Altan Khan” who caused the incident. That does not mean that there is no clue to the answer to this question.

.The name “Arslan Khan” sounds similar to the Turkic word “Lion (Arslan)”, so it can be mistaken for “Lion Khan”, but this is a Mongolian phonetic variation of the Malgal word “阿里氏郞 (Arissirang)”, or “Goryeo Ssirang”.