Story 80. The Rise of Temujin Genghis Khan, the Mongols, and the Fall of the Jurchen Jin

  Story 80. The Rise of Temujin Genghis Khan, the Mongols, and the Fall of the Jurchen Jin

  In 1206 AD, when the Jin Dynasty was showing signs of decline, the legendary hero Temujin (1162–1227) united the Mongol tribes across the vast steppes of the northwest and was crowned "Genghis Khan" at a kurultai (council of tribal chiefs). Genghis Khan's cavalry was lightning-fast and fierce, a feat unparalleled in human history. Before being unified by Genghis Khan, the Mongols were subjected to brutal oppression by the Jin Dynasty.

  During the reign of Emperor Xizong (熙宗 1119–1150) of the Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan's ancestor, Lin Bahai(俺巴孩), was executed for treason by having his limbs impaled on a wooden donkey(木驢). During the reign of King Sejong, not only did they demand tribute from the Mongols, but they also committed the atrocity of sending troops every three years to massacre Mongol warriors. This barbaric act was called "Gamjeong(減丁)," meaning "reducing the number of able-bodied warriors." The Jin court, fearing that the increasing number of Mongol warriors might lead to rebellion, regularly slaughtered them.

  In this regard, the book "Goguryeo-Balhae, Genghis Khan" offers a different perspective on the historical truth by relating it to stories 60 ("The Jin Emperor's Assassination Attempt Surprised by the Fame of "Kabul Khan") and 61 ("Bartan Baatr," Temujin's grandfather, who is also "Barya (Buyeo扶餘)").

 

                  From Google,history of  Xi Xia- wikipedia

 The Mongols harbored a deep-seated resentment against the Jin. Genghis Khan immediately launched a conquest of the Jin. The Jin trembled in fear as the Mongol army surged from the northwest like a massive wave. To prevent the Mongol invasion, the Jin constructed a 3,000-ri (1,200km) defensive line from the first year of the reign of Emperor Sejong (世宗) of the Jin Dynasty (1138) to the reign of Emperor Zhangzong (章宗) of the Taihe (泰和) period (1201-1208). However, this proved insufficient to repel the Mongol cavalry.

  After the death of Genghis Khan, Ogedei (1186–1241), the third son who succeeded to the title of "Khan," carried out his father's will in the first year of the Jin Dynasty (1231) and launched a three-pronged invasion of the Jin. In the east, Ogedei's uncle, Aljinnayan(斡陳那顔), advanced toward Jinan in Shandong. In the west, his uncle, Tolui, advanced south from Fengxiang, crossing the Han River(漢水) at Qinzhou (均州 present-day Danjiangkou 丹江口, Hubei Province) and threatening Nanjing (南京 present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province) from the flanks. Ogedei's forces, on the central route, crossed the Yellow River at Baipo (白城 present-day Mengxian 孟縣, Henan Province) and directly threatened Nanjing(南京).

 Kaiheung (開興) of the Jin Dynasty In the first year (1232), Emperor Aizong(哀宗) of China's reign, Wanyan Shushu (完顔守緖 1198-1234), deployed a 200,000-strong defensive force along the Yellow River and launched a counterattack in the area around Mount Yu(禹山). Tolui, with 40,000 troops, ambushed the main force at Mount Sanfeng (三峰山), southwest of Junzhou (均州), where the Jin army had to pass, and lured them with 3,000 light cavalry(輕騎兵). The 150,000 Jin soldiers who fell into the ambush fled in panic toward Junzhou (均州) and were annihilated. This is the so-called "Great Battle of Junzhou Sanboan." Li Ping(李平), a Jin general guarding Dongguan (凍關), surrendered upon hearing the news of the defeat. This led to the final defeat of the Jin army south of the Yellow River. More than ten states fell to the Mongols.

 In March of the same year, Ogedei ordered his subordinates, including Subutai and Taghachar, to lead 30,000 troops to attack Nanjing. The Mongols attacked the city with hundreds of cannons. The defenders within the city resisted fiercely with rockets and rocket launchers. The two armies fought day and night for 16 days, until a great plague broke out, forcing a brief truce. In August, the Mongols annihilated over 100,000 Jin soldiers near present-day Zhengzhou(鄭州), Henan Province. From then on, the main Jin army virtually collapsed. In December, when the grain supplies in Nanjing were depleted, Emperor Aizong fled to Caizhou (菜州 present-day Runan, Henan Province).

  In the second year of the Tianxing(天興) era of the Jin Dynasty (1233), Choi Lip(崔立), the general defending Nanjing, surrendered. That same year In August, the Mongols sent Wang Ji (王械) as an envoy to the Southern Song (南宋). The two countries agreed to destroy the Jin dynasty. The Southern Song occupied the Jin territories of Suzhou (壽州: present-day Fengtai鳳台, Anhui Province) and Dangzhou (唐州: present-day Tanghe 唐河, Henan Province), and bluntly rejected Emperor Aizong of the Jin dynasty's plea for food.

  In September of the same year, the Mongol army led by Taghachar besieged Caizhou. In November, to keep its promise to the Mongols, the Southern Song dynasty provided Meng Gong (猛珙), the Deputy Commander of Jiangling Prefecture, with 20,000 soldiers and 300,000 seok of military provisions, to conduct a joint operation with the Mongols near Caizhou Castle.

  In January of the third year of the Jin Tianxing reign (1234), Caizhou Castle was in danger of falling. Emperor Aizong was defeated by King Seonjo. He wanted to avoid the humiliation of being relegated to the Jin dynasty, founded by Agudao. He abdicated the throne to Wanyan Chenglin (完顔承麟: ~1234), a general and descendant of the Jin Dynasty. Before the abdication ceremony was completed, the combined forces of Song and Mongol forces captured Caizhou. Emperor Aizong committed suicide, and Wanyan Chenglin was assassinated. Wanyan Chenglin, who died just hours or two after ascending the throne, would later record the shortest reign in history. Thus, the Jin dynasty ended with ten emperors and a 120-year history.

  Under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, founded by a descendant of Genghis Khan, the Jurchen people, deprived of their country, lived a miserable life. Unable to maintain their dynasty, they scattered to the grasslands and forests, as their ancestors had done in ancient times, seeking a livelihood. The Yuan Dynasty conquered the Jurchen, who lived along the coast of the present-day Heilongjiang River and made a living by fishing. They were called "Sudaldalin" (水達達人).

  For the purpose of directly ruling the Sudaldalin, they established military camps in the areas of Noagan(奴兒干) and Gohyeoldo(庫頁島) in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River. This is recorded in the "Sudaldallo" section of the <Yuanshi(元史) and Geography(地理誌)>" .

  "The agile bird of prey is called the Haedongcheong (海東靑). When it flew from far out to sea to Noagan(奴兒干), the locals would catch it and present it as a local product."

  We know that the Jurchen people offered the Haedongcheong (海東靑) as tribute to the Yuan court. They also suffered from heavy military service and forced labor. When the Yuan Dynasty conquered the Southern Song Dynasty, Goerwai (骨嵬: a tribe living in present-day Sakhalin Island), and Japan, they conscripted the Jurchen people and had them build a large number of warships.

In the 22nd year of the Zhiyuan era (1285), "they ordered the Shui Dalin to build 200 warships and the Yeongpungseon (迎風船) for the expedition to Japan." Towards the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when the exploitation of the Jurchen people reached its peak, the Jurchen people claimed to be descendants of the Great Jin and rebelled in various places, but were frequently suppressed.