Story 23. When the legendary ancestors of Genghis Khan fled to the Yalu River, who were the rulers of Mongolia?
Story
23. When the legendary ancestors of Genghis Khan fled to the Yalu River, who
were the rulers of Mongolia?
Episode
1. When was the name Mongolia created?
When
the ancestors of Genghis Khan barely escaped the legendary “Great War between
the Tatars and the Moguls (Mongols)” mentioned in <Tarikh-e Monghul, 集史 History of Mongolia> and <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries>and hid in the valleys of the Yalu(Abnog)
River, who lived in Mongolia at that time and who were the ruling ethnic
groups?
During
the time when Genghis Khan lived, present-day Mongolia was inhabited by many
different ethnic groups, including the Tatars (DaeDaeRo), the Kerait, the
Mergid (Malgal), the Kongrat (Malgal), and the Naiman. During the Tang Dynasty,
this land was ruled by the Turkic Empire and was called “Turk” and also called “Turkestan” in the Turkic
language.
After
that, the Tang Dynasty fell, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the
Liao Dynasty took over the north and south of China, and eventually the two
countries of the Khitan Liao and Song Dynasty were established. During the Liao
Dynasty, the land of today's Mongolia was called 'Jobok', which originated from
the Korean word 'Supul (森林)', meaning 'land of
forests'. Since the Jin Dynasty, which overthrew the Liao Dynasty, even this
name has disappeared.
From
then until the appearance of Genghis Khan, there was no unified country name
representing this region. The country that ruled Mongolia at that time was the
Second Turkic Empire, and later the Uyghur Empire (742-840) established by the
Uyghurs ruled the Mongolian region. Later, after Genghis Khan united these
various tribes, as <the Selected History> Persian 1387 states, he devised
a single name to represent all these tribes and made it the name of his
country, which was “Mongolia.” The land was no longer the “Turkish 突厥” of the time or the “Zobok (forest)” of the Liao Dynasty.
Since
the popular interpretation of <the History of Mongolia, 1387>, later
scholars have proposed various etymological theories regarding the origin and
meaning of this new land name, “Mongolia.” Some scholars believe that
“Mongolia” comes from the Mongolian word “Mengge” meaning “silver”, as
described in the <Heukdal Saryak> written by Peng Dai’er who visited
Mongolia during the time of Genghis Khan. Some suggest that the etymology was
from the Tungus word “mangga” meaning “brave.” It seems that this popular
etymological interpretation was used early on because the sounds of “Mengge”
and “Mongol” are similar in Mongolian. The earliest popular interpretation
already existed right after Genghis Khan.
<Heukdal
Saryak> written by Peng Dai’er of the Song Dynasty states, “The national
name of the Black Tartars (黑韃흑달) is Great Mongolia (大蒙古). There is Monggo Mountain (蒙古山) in the
desert land. In Tatar (韃語), silver (銀) is called ‘Monggo (蒙古)’. The Jurchen (女眞) called their country ‘Great Silver (大銀).
The childhood name of the person who took the title of emperor privately was Temujin,
and the false title was ‘Genghis Emperor (成吉思皇帝성길사황제)’.
The childhood name of the emperor was Gokur (兀窟)
Olgul (兀窟=Ageodei), and there were eight people who
falsely claimed to be emperors like this.”
However,
the word ‘Mongol’ actually originated from the Goguryeo word ‘Malgal/Molgol
(Mal Gol, Mal Goeul=Horse Villages=Horse Counties)’. “Malgal” is the old sound
of the Goguryeo language “molgol” meaning “horse-raising town”, or “malgol” and
“horse town”. This “molgol” was used as “molgil=malgil=mulgil (勿吉)” during the Xianbei era, and as “malgol (靺鞨 Malgal)” during the Tang Dynasty, and after about 600 years, it was
changed to “Mongol” in Mongolian. “Goguryeo (高句麗)” was
a country consisting of two local administrative units: numerous “Guryeo (句麗)” in the inland area, which meant numerous fortress towns or
fortress cities (城邑), or “town/gol”, and seven Malgols
(靺鞨) which were border administrative districts,
meaning “horse (mol) towns/counties or mounted corps”, which were field
headquarters for horse-raising. This country was “Keo-goro (Keo-gorai =Great
Gorai= Goguryeo).” “Guryeo (句麗)” and “Malgol (Malgal)”
are both pure Goguryeo words.
“Tinggis Khan”, the ancestor of Genghis Khan,
or “Jin Guk King (震國王)”, otherwise known as King
Dae Jo-yeong of Balhae and his younger brother King Dae Ya-bal of
Banan, was the hometown of “Sokmal Malgal (粟末靺鞨).” The
word “Mongolia” was derived from the name “Sokmal Malgal”, which was derived
from “Malgal (Molgol)”. Even today, the symbol of Mongolia is the “horse (Mol,
Mori, Moer, Ma).”
After
Genghis Khan united four tribes of the Mongolian Plains: Mergid (Malgal), Tatar
(Daedaero), Naiman, and Mongol (Mogol), he named the country “Mongol” and
became the king (Khan). He called himself “Genghis Khan” after the title of his
ancestor, “Tinggis Khan,” or “Jin-guk-king (震國王).”
When
Genghis Khan’s ancestor, Kiyan, escaped from the “Great War between the Tatars
and Mogol (Mongols)” (732-733), a two-year war with the allied forces of Tang,
Silla, and Heuksu Mogal between Balhae, and stayed in the Yalu (Abnog)River
Valley, there were no Mongols on the Mongolian Plains.
Here,
the author begins Volume II of his masterpiece, <Goguryeo People-Balhae
People, Genghis Khan>, with the surprising facts hidden in ancient history
and world history, and summarizes the story of the great war between the Tatars
and the Mongols in Volume I. This is a historical story based on <Rashid
Aldin Fadle Allah, Compendium of Chronicles, A History of the Mongols 1387>
written by the descendants of Genghis Khan and <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries> written by Mirzo Ulugbek (1394-1449), and
is content that cannot be found in Korean history or various Chinese historical
books.
Episode
2. Two Wars Involving the Family of DaeDaeRo(Tatar), the Collapse of Goguryeo
and the War with Balhae and Tang
At
the end of Goguryeo, Cheon Nam-saeng (泉男生), the “Adallah Khan = Etella Khan” of the Tatars, succeeded his
father Yeon Gaesomun as the Great Grand Master and while inspecting the
provinces, was usurped of the throne by his two younger brothers Namgeon and
Namsan, and he went into exile in Tang. Tang gave him the titles of
Liaodong Grand Master and Xuantu Commander, and in order to regain his power,
he attacked Goguryeo with the help of Tang. There were noble forces within
Goguryeo who supported him, and among them, Yeon Jeon-to, the uncle of
the three brothers and Yeon Gaesomun’s younger brother, led the 12
southern fortresses of Goguryeo and surrendered to Silla in December 666,
leading Goguryeo to extreme internal strife and its destruction. Rather than
being destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla, Gaesomun's eldest son
tried to regain the power he had lost by borrowing Tang's power to invade
Goguryeo, which led to internal strife within Goguryeo, and in effect, the
empire that had ruled Northeast Asia for 700 years collapsed (668). However,
the Goguryeo royal regime did not return to Yeon Namsaeng, but instead, the
Tang gave him the title of "General of the Right Guard, Byeon Guk
Gong" as the ruler of a local government conquered by Tang, marking the
end of the Goguryeo dynasty.
The
royal family of the collapsed Goguryeo, namely the Go clan, the generations of
high-ranking families, and the seven leading families of the Malgal clans were
forcibly relocated to the Tang dynasty's interior, or were dispersed to the
Gokturk region to the west and the Silla region to the southeast, either
voluntarily or involuntarily. In this case, the families that moved west to
Central Asia came to be called "Tatars (Daedaero)." After the
collapse of Goguryeo, there were several Goguryeo revival movements, but none
were successful.
In
695, when the Khitan Khan Li Jinzhong revolted, he led the Goguryeo
general Geulgeol Jungsang (629-697), who was being held captive in the
Yeongju region of Tang, and the leader of the Sokmalgal, Geolsa Biu, to
escape from their subordinate territories by leading the Goguryeo refugees and
the Malgal people and started a war against Tang. After Geulgeol Jungsang
and Geolsa Biu died in the battlefield, Dae Joyeong, Geulgeol
Jungsang's son, led the war and established the capital near Dongmosan (Dongmo
mount) in northeastern Manchuria in just one generation, 29 years later. Daejoyeong
was a former territory of Goguryeo, and among the seven Malgal (Malgal, 馬郡) States(7 Mounted Corps) in the border region, Daejoyeong,
who was from the Sokmalgal chieftain family, founded Balhae again and called
himself the King of Jinkingdom and succeeded Goguryeo.
Two
generations after the fall of Goguryeo, during the time of Daemuye, the
second king of Balhae, the Tang felt fearful of the threat of Balhae, a rapidly
growing new Goguryeo. For this reason, in order to weaken Balhae, the Tang gave
the surname of the Tang royal family to the chieftain of the Heuksu Malgal clan
located in the northern part of Balhae and treated him like a national family,
that is, the Tang family, and furthermore, dispatched Tang officials to
solidify the foundation for direct rule and try to separate it from Balhae.
Upon
seeing this plan of the Tang, King Muye of Balhae gave his younger
brother Daemunye an army to attack the Heuksu Malgal. However, Daemunye
opposed the Heuksu Expedition, saying that it was a challenge to the Tang
Dynasty. Daemuye, angry, appointed his cousin Ilha as the new
commander instead of his younger brother Munye and sent him to execute
his younger brother Munye. In response, Daemunye took a side
route and went into exile to Tang.
Daemuye
sent his brother and son Daedo-rihaeng as envoys to strongly demand that
Tang stop its Heuksu Malgal policy and punish Daemunye, who had gone
into exile. However, even Muye's eldest son, Dodo-rihaeng, the next king
of Balhae, who had gone as an envoy, was assassinated in Tang. Balhae once
again demanded that Daemunye be punished, but Emperor Xuanzong of
Tang, famous for his love affair with Yang Guifei, sent an imperial
edict suggesting an invasion of Balhae.
Then,
the Balhae king, enraged by this, preemptively attacked the Tang with the
Balhae navy, seized Dengzhou, which is today Shandong Province, and devastated
it, which led to the Balhae-Tang War (732-733). Western historical books such
as the <Taikh-I Arba' Ulus, 四汗國, Four Khan Countries> described
this war as a “great war between the Tartars and the Mogol (Mongol) tribes.”
This ancient version of the East Asian World War was a preemptive attack by the
“Mogol,” or “Malgal (Balhae),” on the Tang, and the weakened Tang sought help
from the Uyghurs, so the great general Oh Seung-ja participated from the
northwest. At that time, the Balhae king’s younger brother Daemunye, who
was already in exile, mobilized soldiers from Youzhou, 100,000 Silla troops led
by Kim Yu-jung, the grandson of Kim Yu-sin, mobilized by Kim
Sa-ran from Silla, and an allied force consisting of the Heuksu and Silwi
cavalry, and attacked the Malgal (Balhae) from both the north and south. At
this time, Daemunye, who had been in exile, and the Tang
At
this time, the exiled Daemunye and Gaeboksun (개복순), also known as Galboksun (갈복순) and Cheon
Hyeonjeong (천현정), who were the great-grandsons of
Dae dae ro Gaesomun and the grandsons of Gaesomun's eldest son Cheon
Namsaeng who had been in Tang before, participated in this war as
commanders. This latter part of the battle was precisely the "Great War
between the Tatars and the Mogol (Mongol) Tribe" described in <Taikh-I
Arba' Ulus, 四汗國,Four Khan Countries> descendants of
the Mongols called the descendants of Gaesomun's Daedae ro family who
had been incorporated into the Tang army "Tatars" and referred to the
Balhae army as Mogol (Malgal, Mongol), and defined this war as "the Great
War between the Tatars and the Mogol."
Balhae
was victorious at first, but was eventually defeated by the tactics employed by
the Tang and Silla allied forces after being counterattacked. As a result, the
Mogol army, or Balhae army, was completely annihilated, and only two people
among the Mogol people, “Kiyan” and “Nekuz”, or “Daegan”
and “Nimgeum”, survived. They escaped through the enemy’s encirclement
with their newlywed wives and a few servants. They fled all night and barely
escaped to “Arkanakun” at dawn. That place was none other than “Amnoksan” in
“Amnokgangnegun”, the western capital of Balhae. Today, it is a peak of
Baekdusan and the source of the Amnok River.
The
Tatar tribe that planned and carried out this war was the Daedae-ro (Tatar)
family that had fled to Tang. The eldest son of Gaesomun, Adalla Khan (Namsaeng),
the grandson of this clan, Cheon Hyeon-jeong, also known as Gaebok-sun
(=Galboksun), was the “8th Khan of Tatar, Suyunji” who instigated
the “Great War between the Tatars and the Mogol Tribe.” He conspired with the “Kyrgyz
Khan (Xianbei Khan, Tang Xuanzong)” who was revealed to be Emperor Xuanzong
of Tang to weaken Mogol (Malgal/Balhae), thereby eliminating Balhae and
returning to the land of their ancestors. This war was a war that Balhae
launched as a preemptive attack against Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and the Daerae
clan’s attempt to weaken Balhae by separating the Heuksu Malgal in northern
Balhae, which was a local territory of Balhae, from Balhae. However, the
attempt failed, and the Daedaero clan of Yeon Gaesomun collapsed
Goguryeo, but three generations later, the grandson of Yeon Namsaeng, Cheon
Hyeon-jeong and the 8th Khan of Tatar, “Suyunji”, failed to destroy
Balhae. Yeon Gaesomun's family (Tatars) was involved in two wars that
shook the political situation in Northeast Asia.
However, interestingly, these two hostile clans, “Mogol (Malgal)” and “Tatar (Dae-ro)”, were all clans of the same bloodline, descended from the same ancestor, “Jumong (朱蒙)”, the founder of Goguryeo. Also, the background of the great East Asian war and the historical place where it took place was Balhae territory. Furthermore, the legendary “Ergene Kun, Arkan Kun”, the “hometown of all Turkic and Mogol (Malgal) tribes” where the legendary ancestors of Genghis Khan, “Kiyan” and “Nekuz”, went into hiding after the defeat of that war, were none other than the “Amnokgang Ne(na/ui)gun” of Balhae in history.
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