Story. 74 Goguryeo Jan-eol - The remaining illegitimate
children of the Goguryeo royal family
Jumong was the son of Buyeo person Hae Mo-su (解慕漱), and it was learned that Jumong (朱蒙), the
founder of Goguryeo, and Onjo, the founder of Baekje, was Jumong's son. Hae
Mo-su's legitimate son was Hae Buru, and Jumong was Hae Mo-su's illegitimate
son. There is another important record that proves this fact. The record says
that Balhae's "Dae-ssi (大氏)" is
"Goguryeo Jan-eol -the remaining illegitimate family(高句麗殘孼)." It is a sentence from Choi Chi-won's
<Sangtaesasijungjang (上太師侍中壯)>, which is included
in the <Samguk Sagi (三國史記)> Choi Chi-won's
biography and Volume 43 of <Dangmunseupyu (唐文拾遺)>.
『 In the first year of the reign of King
Chongzhang, he ordered King Yeonggong Lee Jeok to break up Goguryeo, establish
the Andong Governor-General's Office, and in the third year of Uibong, he moved
the royal family to Hanam province and Nongwoo province. The remaining
illegitimate children of the Goguryeo royal family, Dae Jo-yeong, gathered
together and named the country Balhae at the foot of Taebaeksan Mountain in the
north.』
The phrase "Goguryeo Jan-eol (高句麗殘孼), the remaining illegitimate children of the Goguryeo royal
family" in Choi Chi-won's record is often quoted by scholars, but scholars
and history professors who do not know the proper meaning of the Chinese
characters themselves do not properly understand its meaning. It’s something I
didn’t even ask about.
However, if we look closely at the original meaning of this
Chinese character “Goguryeo Jan-eol (高句麗殘孼),” it is an
incredibly important phrase meaning “the remaining illegitimate children of the
Goguryeo royal family.” This is because this phrase is a huge story that the
Balhae “Dae clan (大氏)” is “the illegitimate children of
the Goguryeo royal family.” He also confirms this in one sentence from the
article “Goryeo Taejo 1st year” in the Dongguk Tonggam (東國通鑑), which states that “Gung Ye, the illegitimate son of the Silla
king, was abandoned by the royal family as the illegitimate son of Silla.”
Just as he was “the illegitimate son of Queen Hae Mosu of
Buyeo,” and just as King Onjo of Baekje was “the illegitimate son of the
Goguryeo king” compared to King Yuri, the legitimate son of King Jumong of
Goguryeo, both Dae Joyeong and Gaesomun are descendants of the “illegitimate
son of the royal family of King Jumong of Goguryeo.” In other words, just as
for Hae Mosu, Jumong was not the son of his primary wife but of his concubine,
and for Jumong, Onjo was not the son of his primary wife but of his concubine,
for any king of Goguryeo, one of the ancestors of the Dae Joyeong family was
the son of that king’s concubine. In that case, the lineage of the “Goguryeo
royal family’s illegitimate children” and the family of Dae Jo-yeong, the
so-called Malgalchu, were all originally “Goguryeo royal families.”
That is the true meaning of “Goryeo Byeoljong (高麗別種)”, which means “seeds that branched off from the Goguryeo royal
family.” And if we take Jumong, the great ancestor of the Dae family, as the
standard, the son of Jumong’s concubine’s descendant’s family line is Dae
(Geol), so the Dae family is “Buyeo Byeolryu.” In that case, since he was not
the son of the first wife, he could not become king, and instead, they went to
other regions as rulers. Although the family of the first wife’s son who became
king lived in a different place than the family of that family, they were
called “Sokmal Malgal (粟末靺鞨) = Sammul (泉, 천) - Motgol (淵, 연)”, and unlike this, they are people from the family line of the
first wife’s son.
Even if “Sokmal (粟末) Malgal (靺鞨) = Semmul (泉) - Motgol (淵)”, if they lived in the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang, they were
“Goguryeo people (高句麗人)”, and if they lived in the
border garrison of the seven “Malgols” in the region, that is, in the “Malgal
Chilbu (靺鞨七部)”, they were “Malgal people (靺鞨人)”. Now, you will understand exactly why, whenever the Sui or Tang
armies invaded Goguryeo, the “Malgal soldiers (靺鞨兵)”
would rush out first, and the “Goryeo soldiers (高麗兵)”
would follow them and bravely fight together against the Sui and Tang armies.
The two were not different at all. The central Goguryeo and the border garrison
field army Malgal (靺鞨) were one. Goryeo and Malgal were
both the central and local administrative districts ruled by the royal family
of Jumong, who became kings, and the royal family of Goguryeo who failed to
become kings and became local leaders. The country that “Goryeo” and “Malgal”
combined was “Geoguryeo = Goguryeo.”
Then, another mysterious record can also be easily
understood. Emperor Gaozong (高宗) of Tang, Li Zhi (李治) In the reign of King Gojong (676-679), Gojong appointed Gojang as
the Governor of Liaodong and King of Joseon, and had him live in Andong(安東), where he set up camp in his home territory and became king. As
soon as he arrived in Andong, Gojang(高藏) secretly
conspired with the Malgal(靺鞨) to start a rebellion, but
the incident was brought to light.
In response, the Tang Dynasty forcibly recalled him and
exiled him to Gongju, present-day Sichuan Province, and divided and relocated
his clan members, dividing them into several states such as Henan and Nongyu,
leaving only the poorest of them to remain in Andong Castle.
As this record says, Gojang was Goguryeo. Why did he make
contact with the Malgal immediately after arriving in his old land, and why did
the Tang Dynasty, which had sent him back to his home country, make a fuss
about this and capture Goguryeo again?
The reason is simple. Goguryeo (高藏), who returned to his homeland, refused to be a puppet of the Tang
Dynasty and tried to reestablish Goguryeo against the Tang Dynasty. To do this,
he absolutely needed the cooperation of his own family, the “Daedaero Family
and the Malgal Family.” However, Nam Geon(男建) and Nam
San(男産) of the Daedaero Family had been captured by the
Tang Dynasty. Nam Saeng(男生), the eldest brother who had
fled to the Tang Dynasty before them, was only appointed Byeongukgong and
remained in the Tang Dynasty until Emperor Gaozong of Tang sent Goguryeo back
in the early years of his reign. Therefore, the only force that Goguryeo could
trust was the Malgal chieftains who were his blood relatives remaining in the
old Goguryeo territory, namely, Geolgeoljungsang and Geolsa Biu of the
Sokmalgal(粟靺鞨) who were staying in Yeongju (營州, today’s Joyang). It was the Daejoyeong family. The returnee
immediately contacted them and tried to work together, but the secret was
leaked and it failed.
Seven to eight years later, in 686, the Tang Dynasty
appointed Gojo's grandson, Bo-won (寶元), as the
nominal King of Joseon, and 12 years later in 698, appointed Bo-won as the King
of Chungseong (忠誠國王) and sent him to Andong to rule
over the Andong Guho (安東舊戶), the people of the old
Goguryeo. However, this did not happen. The reason was that in that year,
taking advantage of the rebellion of the Khitan Yi Jin-chung and Son Man-yeong,
the Malgal chieftains Geolgeoljungsang and Geolsa Biu fled east and died in
battle, but Geolgeoljungsang's son Jo Yeong finally established Jin-guk (震國) on Dongmosan in the old Goguryeo territory.
At this time, Daejoyeong(大祚榮)
could easily defeat Goguryeo and There was a reason why he could gather all the
Malgal people and bring them under his control. The Goguryeo King Gojong, who
was the king of the Goguryeo royal family, and his illegitimate family, who had
controlled the king for generations, had become a puppet of the Tang Dynasty
and could no longer exert power. As Choi Chi-won said, in this situation, Dae
Jo-yeong’s family was more qualified than anything else to be the next
representative of the royal family and the two families for generations. In
other words, the bloodline of Dae Jo-yeong’s family was the “illegitimate son
of the Goguryeo royal family (高句麗殘孼).”
In other words, it was because he was in a similar position
to An Seung (安勝), who had previously served as King
Bodeok (報德國王, 670–684, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do) in the
south. For this reason, Dae Jo-yeong’s family had a basis for inducing loyalty
from the Goguryeo-Malgal people on behalf of the Goguryeo royal family of the
royal family that had now disappeared to the Tang Dynasty.
“The Goguryeo Royal Family When Dae
Jo-yeong, who was from the “Seoja (Goguryeo Remnant)” family, established
Jin-guk (震國), the Tang quickly sent his son Deok-mu (德武) to Andong in 699 to try to control the situation so that Goguryeo
residents would not go under Balhae.
However, the old Goguryeo households gradually decreased
and surrendered to the Gokturks (突厥) and Malgal (靺鞨), or Balhae, and the Go clan leader (高氏君長)
finally died out. One reason for this was that some of the Goguryeo old
households refused to become subjects of the puppet government of the
Bojangwang family sent by the Tang and defected to “Malgal”, or “Balhae.”
On the other hand, some of the Go clan leaders (高氏君長) who returned to their homeland refused to become subjects of the
Jin-guk by Jo Yeong. They did not like the situation that had been established.
However, they could not return to the Tang Dynasty and live as hostages of the
Tang Emperor and betray the Goguryeo people who remained in their homeland, and
they did not want to surrender to Balhae, which was founded by the illegitimate
children of the royal family who were one generation younger than them.
For this reason, some of the Malgal, that is, the Go clan
of the Go clan who surrendered to Balhae, did not follow them and went far to
the western “Gokturks.” They were the Go clan of Gomun-gan (高文簡) and Gogong-ui (高拱毅). The Tang Dynasty took
full advantage of the sentiments of the Goguryeo people and later, at the end
of Daejoyeong, installed the Go clan of Gomun-gan who had returned from the
Gokturks as kings in the western border region of Balhae and gave them the title
of “Liaoxi Commandery King (遼西郡王).”
The public sentiment of the Balhae people who succeeded
Goguryeo was already firmly in favor of the Daejoyeong family. Regardless of
the results, Go clan of Go clan, generation after generation, and The three
branches of the Malgal clan were originally all one clan, one family.
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